Translation, Quotation and Truth :: Mathematical Mathematics Math Essays

Translation, Quotation and Truth ABSTRACT: If logical truth is truth due solely to syntactic form, then mathematics is distinct from logic, even if all mathematical truths are derivable from definitions and logical principles. This is often obscured by the plausibility of the Synonymy Substitution Principle that is implicit in the Fregean conception of analyticity: viz., that synonyms are intersubstitutable without altering sentence sense. Now, unlike logical truth, mathematical truth is not due to syntax, so synonym interchange in mathematical truths preserves sentence syntax, sense, and mathematical necessity. Mathematical necessity, therefore, differs from both logical and lexical necessity. Alonzo Church's Translation Test is supposed to evaluate alleged necessary equivalences. The basic idea is that (correct) translation is meaning preserving, so if some disparity between the alleged equivalents appears under translation, the sentences are inequivalent. The Test translations are essentially synonym substitutions. The translation sentence is to have the syntax of the original, and to differ only morphemically, by synonym subbing. Supposedly, whether the translations are inter-language or intra-language has no logical import. Either way, the underlying and seemingly unassailable principle is that synonym subbing transmits sentence sense. This Synonym Substitution Principle extends to subbing of coreferring proper names by taking their meaning to be their reference. The Test's derivation from this Principle should spark suspicions for two reasons. First, the Principle seems to entail the Test's inutility, for, presumably, any disparity appearing under translation but not appearing in the original must be a discrepancy in and of the translation. If the Principle is platitudinous, the Test should be profitless. This isn't the old Paradox of Analysis. Synonymies aren't analyses. Genuine analyses are translanguistic necessary truths knowable a priori; synonymies are contingent notational equivalences knowable only a posteriori. Unlike analysis, the assumption that translation can be informative for a competent bilingual needs justification. The Test's pet targets are peculiarly Carnapian theses: e.g., that belief attributions like Mother believes Roger is nearby are semantic equivalents of speech attributions like Mother accepts "Roger is nearby". The Test's plausibility and popularity may owe much to its confirming incredulity about independently refutable theses. We knew pre-Church that my dog Mother's believing her master is nearby doesn't entail any wagging at an English sentence. Another curiosity in the Test is that translation seems to reveal disparities not otherwise evident solely with talk about talk and thought, in the relation between direct and indirect discourse. The Test gets touted only with instantiations of alleged logical or analytical principles wherein, allegedly, a quotation embedding sentence mutually entails a quotationless sentence.

Ernst Junger and Audie Murphy Heroes of War Essay

Not many people are vested with such courage shown by the two men whom the title of this paper belong. Both men had exemplary displayed extremely great courage that was perhaps slightly short of suicidal attack. Without discounting their heroism, one cannot rest his mind without asking how these people could bravely defy the dangers of death through a daring exploit of the dangers itself. Courage that is inside them is what makes them brave enough to overcome the fears of the dangers and death. It is the courage that yields a man honors yet it will only prove when it is confronted by a particular kind of risk and emerge victorious in that situation. The many particular risk that both men had confronted and had successfully subdued, proves they are indeed men of great courage. Junger and Murphy may have served in the military in the same capacity, and in equally dangerous battlefield but of the opposing sides. They are equally courageous and possessed extra ordinary skills that put them distinct from the others, as evidenced by their war medals. However, there is an obvious difference between their personal backgrounds. Junger was highly educated, born, and grew up in a better family condition. Murphy on the other hand, had but all painful life experiences. His parents died while he was still young with twelve siblings. He grew up under difficult condition and had no proper education. This difference obviously influenced their military manner, Junger sees his accomplishment as an opportunity for advancement, while Murphy sees his accomplishment as merely his duty as a military. He considered his service to military as a family and was willing let opportunity for advancement pass him. Examples of Junger’s accomplishment that clearly reflect his organized out looked in to the future are as follows. First, he had served the German army with distinction. He was indeed a multi-awarded soldier. Second, He became officer of the army at a very young age of twenty-three; third, he became a writer after he was discharge from military service. His Storm of Steel seemed to glorify war although he did not justify nor extenuates the brutalities of war. Perhaps, the one thing that Murphy was very fortunate to have was, first, his extra-ordinary courage and ordinary qualities as a fighting infantryman. His enlistment in the US army proves to be successful as he was able to demonstrate his military skills in combat operations. Second, his military skills gave him numerous military awards and distinction above the others. He was even promoted to the rank of lieutenant despite his limited education and third, his loyalty to the military and his own company earned for him respect and admiration of others. Final Reflections These two men rose from their own ranks because of their courage, extra-ordinary skills and dedication to their duties. Two men of different backgrounds and belong to the opposing armies were able to build their own identities, developed their own outlook in life, and established their lives amidst the dangers of wars. Theirs is a lesson that though life is full of danger, full of opposing forces that affects us, and we are weak compared to these realities, yet they survived, and eventually succeed in life. This gives us hope of our own survival and success in what ever endeavor we are we are currently struggling.

What Can We Call Our Own Except Energy, Strength And Will

What can we call our own except energy, strength and will? As soon as we are born the world begins to work upon us, filling our heads with thoughts and ideas that spawn from the very environment we live in. Although some may argue that our society cannot remain cohesive without the idea of intellectual property, it should be acceptable to use others’ works without having to worry about plagiarism laws. This is because, in reality, there really is no such thing as â€Å"original† work, and there is an evident difference between replication and reproduction. The idea of â€Å"ownership† over something hinders others’ ability to make something new by using the fundamental building blocks of something old. In order to continue developing as a society, we must challenge our boundaries, which includes building off of already-established thoughts, ideas, works and words to create more advanced versions that will spark new thoughts and ideas in others that can, in turn, be built off of in the future. Although Lethem and Shields take very different approaches to discuss the idea of plagiarized material, there are several similarities between the two essays. It is interesting to note that both excerpts from ‘The Reality Hunger’ and ‘Ecstasy Influence’ literally use other authors’ words to develop their own argument, thereby proving that as long as the context and purpose of the content are changed, it should not be considered plagiarism. 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